يونس لقطارني – أروى بريس
أصدر الدكتور و الكاتب المغربي المتميز أحمد الفراك كتابه الجديد الذي اختار له عنوانا مميزا “ثقافة اللَّاعُنف في الإسلام”
ويعتبر الدكتور والكاتب أحمد الفراك من بين الكتاب المتميزين الذين أعطوا الكثير لهذا المجال وذلك يرجع لما راكمه من تجارب وخبرة طويلة في هذا المجال جعلته يحقق النجاح الكبير .
ويعتبر هذا الكتاب الذي أصدره الكاتب أحمد الفراك من بين أهم الإصدارات التي حققت فعلا تفاعلا ايجابيا ، لاسيما انه لا يطرح الأسئلة فقط وإنما يقدم توثيقا عميقا ومنفردا ، ما سيؤدي إلى جعله محط اهتمام وإقبال الأبحاث الأكاديمية في المجال الحيوي ، لا سيما انه ثروة كبيرة لا يمكن السماح بضياعها أو التفريط فيها.
الفصل الأول:الأصول اللغوية والعقدية لمنهاج الرفقفي الإسلام
المطلب الأول: مفهوما الرفق والمنهاج لغة واصطلاحا
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مفهوم الرفق لغة واصطلاحا
الرفق لغةًاللطفُ، وضدّه العُنف، “وهو لين الجانب، ويقال: رَفَق بالأَمر وله وعليه يَرْفُق رِفْقًا، ومرفقًا: لَانَ له جانبه وحسن صنيعه. ورَفُقَ يَرْفُقُ ورَفِقَ لطف ورفَقَ بالرجل وأَرْفَقه بمعنى وكذلكتَرفَّق به”1.
أما اصطلاحًا: فالرفق مفهومٌ شامل لمعاني اللِّين واليُسر والتوسط في الأقوال والأفعال، قال ابن حجر:الرفق “هو لين الجانب بالقول، والفعل، والأخذ بالأسهل، وهو ضد العنف”2،مما يفيد تحري الأسلوب اللين والخلُق الحسن، وتجنب التشدد والتعنيف والغلظة في المعاملة، وفي ذلك قالالمباركفوري: الرفق هو “المداراة مع الرفقاء، ولين الجانب، واللطف في أخذ الأمر بأحسن الوجوه، وأيسرها”3.
ومن أسماء الله الحسنى “الرفيق”، أي الكثير الرفق والدائم الرفق بعباده، وهو سبحانه الـمُيسر والـمُسهل لأسباب الخير كلها، ومن رفقه قبول توبة عباده في كل حين، ومن رفقه عدم تعجيل العقوبة للعُصاة كي يتداركوا فيتوبوا، ويحب التوابين ويحب المتطهرين، ومن رفقه تشريعه ما يطاق لعباده.
قال ابن قيم الجوزية في قصيدته النونية:
| وهو الرفيقُ يحبُّ أهل الرفق بل | يُعطيهم بالرفق فوق أمانِ4 |
- مفهوم المنهاج لغة واصطلاحا
يظهر من معاجم اللغة العربية أن المنهاج هو المسلك الواضح الذي يُوصل إلى الغاية، فـ”النهج الطريق الواضح، ونهج الأمرُ وأنهجَ: وضح، ومنهج الطريق ومنهاجه”5، ويقابله في اللغة الانكليزية كلمة Curriculu
1- الفيروزآبادي، محمد بن يعقوب. القاموس المحيط، مكتب تحقيق التراث في مؤسسة الرسالة، بيروت، ط2، 1407ه، مادة (ر ف ق).
2- العسقلاني، ابن حجر. فتح الباري بشرح صحيح البخاري، دار الريان، القاهرة، ط 1، 1412ه، 10/464
3- المباركفوري، محمد بن عبد الرحيم. تحفة الأحوذي بشرح جامع الترمذي، دار الكتب العلمية، بيروت، ط1، 1410ه، 6/130
4- ابن القيم، محمد بن أبي بكر. الكافية الشافية، مكتبة ابن تيمية، القاهرة، ط2، 1417ه، 2/229
5- الراغب الأصفهاني، أحمد بن الحسين. مفردات ألفاظ القرآن، تحقيق عدنان صفوان داوودي، دار القلم، دمشق، ط4، 1430هـ/2009م، حرف: النون.
m وتعود إلى الأصل اللاتيني Currere، والتي تعني مضمار السباق،فالمنهج والمنهاج معناها المسار والطريق، ونهج يعني سار في هذا الطريقوقام بإجراءات تصل به إلى الهدف من السير، لأن الطريق هو المعبر للوصول إلى الهدف والغاية، و”نهجت الطريق إذا سلكته، وفلان يستنهج سبيل فلان، أي يسلك مسلكه”1، و”المنهاج: الطريقُ الواضِحُ، واسْتَنْهَجَ الطريقُ: صار نَهْجاً. وفي حديث العباس: لم يَمُت رسول اللَّه حتى تَرَكَكُم على طريقٍ ناهِجةٍ أَي واضحةٍ بَيِّنَةٍ. ونَهَجْتُ الطريقَ: أَبَنْتُه وأَوضَحتُه؛ يقال: اعْمَلْ على ما نَهَجْتهُ لك. ونَهَجتُ الطريقَ: سَلَكتُه. وفلانٌ يَستَنهِجُ سبيلَ فلانٍ أَي يَسلُكُ مَسلَكَه، والنهج: الطريق المستقيم”2.
واصطلاحا المنهاج هو “الطريق المؤدي إلى الكشف عن الحقيقة في العلوم بواسطة طائفة من القواعد العامة تهيمن على سير العقل، وتحدد عملياته حتى يصل إلى نتيجة معلومة”3، أي”ما يكون في حد ذاته آلة لتحصيل غيره”4. والمنهاج قريب من معنى المنهج والمنهجية، “فثمة دلالات مشتركة في ألفاظ المنهج والمنهاج والطريق والسبيل والصراط والسنة”5، بيد أنه يتميز بجمعه بين المسلكين العلمي والعملي، والعالمين الغيبي والشهادي في الفهم والتصرف، سواء تعلق الأمر بذمة الفرد المسلم أو بذمة الجماعة المسلمة.
قال تعالى: “لِكُلٍّ جَعَلْنَا مِنْكُم شِرْعَةً وَمِنْهَاجًا” (المائدة:48)، ومنه يكون المنهاج الإسلامي هو فهمٌوسلوك متجددانللإسلام أو اجتهادٌ عملي مستأنف في فهم الإسلام وتطبيق لهُ على أحداث التاريخ وبمراعاة الزمان والمكان والأعراف الاجتماعية والأوضاع الاقتصادية والإكراهات السياسية المتغيرة،فالإسلام حياة متجددة وسلوك عملي متدرجيسلك وسط الواقع كما هو، ويعالجه برفق وحكمة وتدرج، لا يتجنبه ولا يجمد
1- الجوهري، إسماعيل بن حماد.الصحاحتاج اللغة وصحاح العربية، تحقيق أحمد عبد الغفور عطار،دار العلم للملايين، بيروت، ط4، 1990، 1/364
2- ابن منظور، أحمد بن مكرم. لسان العرب، دار صادر، بيروت، ط1، 1968م، مادة: (ن ه ج)، ص 383
3- بدوي، عبد الرحمن. مناهج البحث العلمي،وكالة المطبوعات، الكويت، ط3، 1977، ص5
4التهانوي،محمدعلي،كشافاصطلاحاتالفنونوالعلوم،تحقيقلطفيعبدالبديع،المؤسسةالمصريةالعامةللتأليفوالترجمةوالطباعةوالنشر،القاهرة، ط1، 1963، ص6.
5ملكاوي،فتحي.وآخرون. المنهاج و المنهجية: طبيعة المفهوم وأهميته والمفاهيم والاصطلاحات ذات العلاقة في المنهجية الإسلامية،دارالسلام،القاهرة، ط 1، 2010م، 1/70
على الأشكال التي ابتدعها الناس من خلال تجاربهم وظروفهم التاريخية المتغيرة1.
ومنهاج الرفق في المعاملة هو الأسلوب الإسلامي الوسطي القاصد في التفكير والتربية والعمل والمعاملة، وهو يتخذ من الإنسان موضوعه الأساس، فيرفق به ويلين له القول ويُحسن معاملته ويُجمل تكريمه، جاعلا من سعادتهالممتدة من الدنيا إلى الآخرة غاية له. لذلك يتميز منهاج الرفق -وهو تربية واعية-عنمختلف الأساليب العنيفة بالإرادة الطيبة والخُلق الحسن والمنهج الوسط، والحرص على حفظ كرامة الإنسان من أن تُهدر. فالمنهاج نظرٌ وعمل يُترجم شِرعة الإسلام واقعا يحياه الفرد بصلاحه وإصلاحه وتحياه الأمة بخيريتهاورساليتها رحمة في العالمين.
1- يراجع بخصوص تطور المنهج وتجدده: عميرة. إبراهيم بسيونة. المنهج وعناصره، دار المعارف، مصر، ط3، 1991، ص 23-25
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