ملاحظات على ترجمة كتاب «الإنسان الرومنطيقي» لجورج غوسدورف
الفائزة بجائزة الشيخ زايد للكتاب في دورتها الرابعة عشرة
-بقلم خليد كدري (*) اروى بريس
تفضل معهد تونس للترجمة، قبل سنتين، بإصدار الترجمة العربية لكتاب «الإنسان الرومنطيقي» لجورج غوسدورف الذي يعد، بلا شك، أحد المراجع الفرنسية النفيسة لمن يرغب في تقصي الأصول الفلسفية والتاريخية للتقليد الرومنطيقي في الأدب والفن والدين… وقد أنجز هذه الترجمة محمد آيت ميهوب، وراجعها محمد محجوب، كما هو مبين على الغلاف. ومن الجدير بالذكر أنها فازت بجائزة الشيخ زايد للكتاب (فرع الترجمة) في دورتها الرابعة عشرة (2019-2020)، بعد أن زكتها «هيئة علمية» مكونة من أسماء معروفة (كاظم جهاد، خليل الشيخ، محمد بنيس…). ولا يسعنا، من الناحية المبدئية، إلا الثناء على كل مجهود قد يبذله معهد تونس للترجمة، أو غيره، في سبيل إغناء رصيد المكتبة العربية المعاصرة؛ لكن الأخطاء الفادحة الكثيرة التي تنطوي عليها ترجمة محمد آيت ميهوب، والمنهج المشوش المتبع في إنجازها، كما سنبين، تجعلنا نشك في أن تكون خضعت بالفعل للمراجعة أو التحكيم وفقا للقواعد العلمية والأخلاقية المتعارف عليها دوليا في هذا الشأن؛ وتحملنا، قبل كل شيء، على التحذير من الضرر الجسيم الذي لا جرم أنها ستلحقه بقراء اللغة العربية مشرقا ومغربا.
وحتى لا يصار إلى اتهامنا بالتخرص والافتراء، سنورد طائفة من الأخطاء الفادحة المرتكبة في هذه الترجمة، وبعض مظاهر المنهج المشوش المتبع فيها، مشفوعة بملاحظات واقتراحات تصويب (قابلة للنقاش طبعا)، وذلك على النحو الآتي:
أخطاء فادحة بالجملة: مجمع الثلاثين، مهن الإيمان، وقال اللحم في نفسه…
- يترجم محمد آيت ميهوب عبارة: classicisme hellénistique بـ«الكلاسيكية الهيلينية»؛ والصواب: «الكلاسيكية الهلنستية». ويكرر المترجم الخطأ نفسه في غير هذا الموضع، حيث نجده على سبيل المثال يترجم عبارة:Voltaire l’hellénistique بـ«فولتير الإغريقي»؛ والصواب: «فولتير الهلنستي»؛ ذلك لأن هناك فرقا لا يمكن أن يخفى على مترجم بين الصفة hellénique والصفة hellénistique، أي بين ما يتعلق بالحضارة الإغريقية قبل موت الإسكندر وما يتعلق بالحضارة نفسها بعد موت الإسكندر إلى غاية عهد الرومان.
- يترجم عبارة: Concile de Trente بـ«مجمع الثلاثين»! والصواب: «مجمع ترنتو»؛ ذلك لأن ترنتوTrento (التي يكتبها الفرنسيون: Trente) هو اسم المدينة الإيطالية التي انعقد فيها المجمع المسكوني الشهير في التاريخ المسيحي، ولا علاقة له بالعدد ثلاثين.
- يترجم عبارة: sujet d’inhérence بـ«موضوع ملازم»؛ والصواب: «موضوع وجودي» (أو «موضوع أنطولوجي») في مقابل «موضوع منطقي». وهذه القسمة معروفة عند شراح أرسطوطاليس الذي ميز في كتاب «المقولات» بين الموجودات التي «تقال على موضوع ما وليست البتة في موضوع» والموجودات التي «تقال على موضوع وهي أيضا في موضوع» (ترجمة إسحق بن حنين).
- يترجم العبارة: désignation qui ne met en cause aucune essence هكذا: «تسمية لا تثير الارتياب في أي ماهية كانت»؛ والصواب: «تسمية لا تحيل إلى أية ماهية»؛ ذلك لأن عبارة mettre en cause تعني هنا الاستدعاء أو الإحالة إلى أمر ما، ولا تعني الارتياب أو التشكيك. وهذا الخطأ يتكرر عند المترجم باستمرار؛ فهو مثلا يترجم العبارة: ce qui met en cause l’ordre de l’affectivité et du sentiment هكذا: «ما يثير الشك في نظام العاطفة والشعور»؛ والصواب: «ما يستدعي [أو يحيل إلى] نظام العاطفة والشعور»؛ ويترجم العبارة: le moi romantique met en cause l’inconscient هكذا: «الأنا الرومنطيقي يشكك في اللاوعي»؛ والصواب: «الأنا الرومنطيقي يستدعي [أو يحيل إلى] اللاوعي». وهذا يدل على أن المترجم ترجم عبارات لم يفقه معانيها!
- يترجم عبارة: possibilités quasi illimitées بـ«إمكانيات شبه محدودة»؛ وهذا عكس ما يقوله المؤلف؛ والصواب: «إمكانات شبه لامحدودة» أو «إمكانات تكاد لا تحد».
- يترجم العبارة: Le sujet humain s’identifie avec le sujet grammaticalهكذا: «تماهى الموضوع الإنساني مع الموضوع النحوي»؛ والصواب: «تماهت الذات الإنسانية مع الفاعل النحوي».
- يترجم العبارة: La mutation des vérités et des valeurs se prononce déjà dans les Characteristics de Shaftesbury هكذا: «أخذت ملامح التحول في الحقائق والقيم تلوح بعدُ منذ أن ألف شفتيسبوري كتابه الطباع»؛ والصواب: «تلوح معالم التحول في الحقائق والقيم سلفا في كتاب الطباع لشافتسبوري». والملاحظ هنا أن المترجم يقابل كلمة déjà بـ«بَعْدُ» في معظم المواضع التي ترد فيها؛ ومنها مثلا ترجمته لعبارة: déjà mûr pour le mariage بـ«نضج بعد للزواج»؛ والصواب: «قد أهله نضجه سلفا للزواج». وهذا الاستعمال لـ«بَعْدُ» لا أصل له في اللغة العربية كما عرفناها، ذلك لأن «بَعْدُ» ضد «قَبْلُ»، وتدل على اللاحق والتالي، بخلاف المراد بكلمةdéjà الفرنسية التي تدل على السالف أو المتحقق بالفعل من زاوية نظر الحاضر.
- يترجم عبارة: néologues luthériens بـ«المحدثين اللوتريين»؛ والصواب: «النيولوجيين اللوثريين»؛ ذلك لأن اللوثريين كلهم محدثون، لكنهم ليسوا كلهم نيولوجيين أو «مستنيرين»؛ وحق هذا اللفظ أن يُعَرَّب، مثله مثل الصفة «بروتستانتي» التي لا تترجم بـ«احتجاجي» وإن كانت من حيث الاشتقاق تفيد الاحتجاج.
- يترجم عبارة: professions de foi بـ«مهن الإيمان»! والصواب: «إعلانات الإيمان»؛ ذلك لأن كلمة profession لا تعني هنا «المهنة»، بل تعني «الإعلان» تبعا لأصلها اللاتيني؛ وفي السياق الإسلامي، تعادل «الشهادة».
- يترجم عبارة: la vie antérieure بـ«الحياة الجوانية»؛ والصواب: «الحياة السابقة».
- يترجم عبارة: la richesse intrinsèque de sa présence بـ«ثراء حضورها الخارجي»؛ والصواب: «ثراء حضورها الداخلي».
- يترجم العبارة: [elle] restitue à l’espace du dedans une attention détournée de la réalité physique هكذا: «يعيد إلى الفضاء الجواني اهتماما سرقه الواقع الفيزيائي»؛ والصواب: «يعيد إلى الفضاء الجواني اهتماما متنكبا عن الواقع المادي»؛ ذلك لأن عبارة détourné de تعني هنا المُعرِض عن أمر ما أو المتنكب عنه، ولا تعني «السرقة»!
- يترجم العبارة: une évidence qui surpasse toute réticence et dément toute critique هكذا: «بديهية تتجاوز كل كتمان وتكذب كل نقد»؛ والصواب: «بداهة تتجاوز كل تردد وتكذب كل نقد»؛ ذلك لأن المراد بكلمة réticence هنا التردد أو الحيرة وليس «الكتمان».
- يترجم عبارة: nous dépouiller de tous les apports extérieurs بـ«ننسلخ عن كل إسهاماتنا في العالم الخارجي»؛ والصواب: «ننسلخ عن كل الواردات الخارجية»، أي نتجرد عن كل ما يرد علينا من الخارج.
- يترجم عبارة: lieu propre de l’inintelligible jointure بـ«نقطة الالتقاء الواضحة»؛ وهذا عكس ما يقوله المؤلف؛ والصواب: «نقطة الالتقاء المبهمة».
- يترجم عبارة: admirables générations بـ«أجيال رائعة»؛ والصواب: «تكونات رائعة»؛ لأن كلمةgénération تعني هنا التكون أو التولد وليس الجيل. ويكرر المترجم الخطأ نفسه في مواضع أخرى، منها مثلا أنه يترجم العبارة: On ne peut que deviner ou faire deviner par une allégorie le secret d’une génération ou d’une transformation instantanée هكذا: «لا يمكننا إلا أن نخمن أو ندفع إلى التخمين في سر جيل ما أو تحول فوري متوسلين في ذلك الأليغوريا»؛ والصواب: «لا يسعنا إلا أن نحزر أو ندعو إلى الحزر عن طريق أمثولة في سر تكون ما أو تحول مباغت».
- يترجم عبارة: instant évanouissant بـ«لحظة إغماء»؛ والصواب: «لحظة منفلتة» أو «لحظة متمنعة عن الإمساك».
- يترجم العبارة: La vertu d’originalité est caractéristique du moi romantique هكذا: «إن فضيلة الأصالة هي ميزة الأنا الرومنطيقي»؛ والصواب: «إن الأنا الرومنطيقي موسوم بخاصّة الأصالة». والملاحظ أن المترجم يقابل كلمة vertu بكلمة «فضيلة» أيا كان السياق الذي ترد فيه! والحال أن للكلمة الفرنسية أكثر من معنى؛ وهي تدل هنا، وفقا لأصلها اللاتيني، على معنى الخاصّة (وجمعها خواص) أو القوة أو القدرة؛ فحين نصادف عبارة من قبيل les vertus des plantes médicinales، لا يجوز أن نترجمها بـ«فضائل الأعشاب الطبية»، بل نترجمها بـ«خواص الأعشاب الطبية».
- يترجم عبارة: le messianisme social des Polonaisبـ«المسيحية الاجتماعية لدى البولونيين»؛ والصواب: «مسيانية البولنديين الاجتماعية»؛ ذلك لأن هناك فرقا بين المسيحية والمسيانية لا يخفى على قارئ؛ ولأن المتعارف عليه بولندا وليس «بولونيا»، والنسبة إليها بولندي. وهذا أسلم حتى لا يخلط بين اسم الجمهورية الأوروبية الوسطى واسم المدينة الإيطالية العريقة.
- يترجم عبارة: présence divine بـ«العناية الإلهية»؛ والصواب: «الحضور الإلهي».
- يترجم العبارة: Le ciel nous préserve des œuvres éternelles هكذا: «إن السماء تحتفظ لنا بأعمال خالدة»! وهذا عكس ما يقوله المؤلف. والصواب: «إن السماء تحفظنا من الأعمال الخالدة»؛ وهو قول منسوب إلى ف. شليغل.
- يترجم العبارة: Parfois aussi Tieck se prend en quelque sorte à son propre jeu هكذا: «أحيانا أخرى يتحامل تيك بشكل من الأشكال على لعبته الخاصة»؛ والصواب: «أحيانا أخرى يجد تيك نفسه منقادا بشكل من الأشكال للعبته الخاصة». وهذا الخطأ في ترجمة العبارة الفرنسية se prendre en son propre jeu يتكرر في عدة مواضع من هذه الترجمة، منها مثلا ترجمته لعبارة: mystificateur qui se prend à son jeu بـ«مخاتلا لا ينفك يهتم بلعبته الخاصة»؛ والصواب: «مخاتلا ينقاد للعبته الخاصة».
- يترجم عبارة: l’amitié du Dieu tremendum et fascinans de la révélation biblique بـ«صداقة إله الوحي التوراتي الرائع الفاتن»؛ والصواب: «صداقة إله الكتاب المقدس الرهيب والفتان».
- يترجم عنوان كتاب ياكوب بوهم Aurora oder Morgenrötke im Aufgang بـ«أورورا أو أصل الفلسفة»؛ والصواب: «أورورا أو بزوغ الفجر»؛ أما زيادة «أصل الفلسفة»، فلا وجود لها في غير الترجمة الفرنسية للكتاب (1975)، وإلا تعين التوضيح في الهامش.
- يترجم عبارة: Il exerce une fonction d’initiation religieuse بـ«الوظيفة التي يؤديها هي وظيفة الحدس الديني»؛ والصواب: «الوظيفة التي يؤديها هي وظيفة المُسارَّة الدينية».
- يترجم العبارة: La personnalité échappe aux déterminismes empiriques هكذا: «تنفلت الشخصية من المحددات التجريبية»؛ والصواب: «تنفلت الشخصية من الحتميات التجريبية».
- يترجم عبارة: les paradis artificiels بـ«مباهج الأفيون»؛ والصواب: «الفراديس المصطنعة»؛ ذلك لأن الأفيون لا يعدو أن يكون أحد «الفراديس» التي ذكرها المؤلفون مثل بودلير وغيره.
- يترجم العبارة: Une conscience n’a pas de frontières définies ; elle communie avec la totalité dont elle émerge هكذا: «ليس للوعي حدود معينة، إنه في تواصل مع الكلية التي عنها ينبثق»؛ والصواب: «ليس للوعي حدود معينة، إنه يتوافق مع الكلية التي عنها ينبثق». والظاهر أن المترجم يخلط هنا بين الفعلcommuniquer الدال على التواصل أو الاتصال والفعل communier الدال على التوافق أو الاتحاد.
- يترجم عبارة: l’âme éprise d’un infini بـ«النفس المولعة بمتناه»؛ والصواب: «النفس المولعة بلامتناه».
- يترجم العبارة: Le moi romantique n’est pas annoncé, mais dénoncé, par des attributs qui le trahissent, sous prétexte de le manifester هكذا: «أما الأنا الرومنطيقي فلا تعلن عنه صفاته بل تدينه، إذ تخونه بحجة أنها تجعله جليا»؛ والصواب: «أما الأنا الرومنطيقي فلا تعلن عنه صفاته بل تلغيه، إذ تخونه بحجة أنها تجعله جليا»؛ ذلك لأن الفعل dénoncer يعني هنا «ألغى» وليس «أدان».
- يترجم عبارة: vérités sclérosées بـ«الحقائق الكهنوتية»؛ والصواب: «الحقائق المتصلبة».
- يترجم العبارة: la plupart des mots que nous transportons des sciences physiques dans celles de l’économie animale ou végétale هكذا: «أغلب العبارات التي نستعيرها من العلوم الفيزيائية بما فيها علوم الاقتصاد الحيواني أو النباتي»! والصواب: «معظم الكلمات التي ننقلها من العلوم الفيزيائية إلى علوم التنظيم الحيواني أو النباتي»؛ ذلك لأن عبارة transporter dans تعني هنا «نقل شيء ما من موضع ما أو سياق ما إلى آخر»، كما أن كلمةéconomie تعني هنا التنظيم وليس «الاقتصاد».
- يترجم العبارة: À trop demeurer dans les limbes, on glisse du clair-obscur dans la ténèbre هكذا: «لفرط البقاء في البرزخ، ينزلق شيء من النور المعتم داخل الظلمة»؛ والصواب: «لفرط البقاء في اللمبوس ننزلق من النور المعتم إلى الظلمة». أما ترجمةlimbes بـ«برزخ»، ففيها نظر؛ ذلك لأن «البرزخ» في التداول العربي هو ما بين الموت و«البعث»، بينما تدل كلمةlimbes في أصلها اللاتيني على «الأطراف» أو «الهوامش»، وفي التداول المسيحي على ما بين «الفردوس» و«الجحيم». وعلى هذا، يحسن بنا في مثل هذه المواضع أن نعربها «لمبوس»، ونوضح الأمور في الهامش. ولو شئنا المغامرة بترجمة، لقابلنا limbes بـ«الأعراف» التي تدل في التداول العربي على ما بين «الجنة» و«النار». ومن البين في كل الأحوال أن الترجمة الأولى تقوِّل النص ما لم يقله.
- يترجم عبارة: les âmes, libérées de leur prison de chair بـ«الأرواح وقد تحررت من سجن اللحم»! والصواب: «الأرواح وقد تحررت من سجن البدن»؛ ذلك لأن كلمة chair تعني البدن كله بلحمه وشحمه وعظمه. ويتكرر الخطأ نفسه في ترجمة مقطع شعري لفكتور هيغو استهله الشاعر بعبارة: la chair se dit، حيث يترجمها المترجم بـ«قال اللحم في نفسه»!
- يترجم عبارة: synthèse cognitive بـ«تركيب عرفاني»؛ والصواب: «تركيب معرفي»؛ ذلك لأن صفة «عرفاني» ذات بعد «باطني»، وتقابل عادة الصفةgnostique (التي تعرب أيضا بـ«غنوصي»). ويتكرر هذا الخطأ في عدة مواضع من الترجمة.
- يترجم عبارة:la médiation divine بـ«التأمل الإلهي»؛ والصواب: «الوساطة الإلهية».
- يترجم عبارة: le roman initiatique بـ«رواية التكوين»؛ والصواب: «الرواية المُسارّية».
- يترجم عبارة: Le poète redevient la créature de Dieu بـ«أصبح [الشاعر] خالقا للإله»؛ والصواب: «عاد [الشاعر] مخلوقا للإله».
- يترجم عبارة: l’a priori rationnel بـ«الماقبلي العقلاني»؛ والصواب: «القبلي العقلاني». ويتكرر إدخال «ما» الموصولة على «قبلي» في معظم ترجمة الكتاب. وفي ذلك نشز لغوي وفلسفي في آن. ويتخذ هذا النشز صورة أغرب في بعض المواضع، حيث يقابل المترجم مصطلح l’a priori بـ«الماقبل»، من دون الياء، وكأنه مجرد ظرف زمان، كما في ترجمته لعبارة: l’a priori de l’incarnation de la vie بـ«الماقبل التجسد الحياتي»! والصواب: «قبلية تجسد الحياة».
- يترجم عبارة: docteurs chrétiens بـ«آباء مسيحيين»؛ والصواب: «معلمين مسيحيين»؛ لأن هناك فرقا في المسيحية بين «الآباء» و«المعلمين» (جمع «معلم»؛ ويقال أيضا: «ملفان»)، ولا يمكن ترجمة كلمة docteur بمفهومها الكنسي بـ«الدكتور» من دون تشويش على القارئ.
- يترجم كلمة téléologie بـ«تيولوجيا»؛ والصواب: «غائية»؛ أما «تيولوجيا»، فهي تعريبthéologie ، أي «علم اللاهوت» أو «الإلهيات».
- يترجم العبارة: Résurgence de l’intuition romantique, la pensée de Scheler permet d’identifier 1’«organe» de Hemsterhuis, le Gemüt, le sens intime, avec le « Centre », évoqué par Schlegel et Novalis comme le point d’équilibre idéal, le foyer ontologique de l’existence هكذا: «مكنت أفكار شيلر بوصفها انبعاثا للحدس الرومنطيقي من التعريف بـ«عضو» هامستيرهويس وهو الغيموت، والحس الباطني، رفقة «المركز» الذي تطرق إلى الحديث عنه شليغل ونوفاليس بوصفه نقطة التوازن المثالية، ومسكن الوجود الأنطولوجي»؛ والصواب: «يسمح فكر شيلر، بوصفه انبعاثا للحدس الرومنطيقي، بـمماثلة «عضو» هامستيرهويس، وهو الغيموت، والحس الباطني، بـ«المركز» الذي ذكره شليغل ونوفاليس بوصفه نقطة التوازن المثالية، وبؤرة الوجود الأنطولوجية». ونلاحظ هنا أن عبارة identifier…avec تحولت عند المترجم إلى «التعريف…رفقة»! وهذا يعني أنه لم يفقه معناها؛ كما نلاحظ أن كلمةfoyer تحولت عنده إلى «مسكن» بدلا من بؤرة.
- يترجم العبارة: [la conscience] maîtresse du sens et néanmoins aliénée بـ«سيد المعنى ومع ذلك معتوه»؛ والصواب: «سيد المعنى [يعني الوعي] ومع ذلك مستلب».
- يترجم عبارة: métamorphoses renouvelées بـ«استعارات متجددة»؛ والصواب: «تحولات متجددة».
- يترجم عبارة: La nature est une ville magique pétrifiée بـ«إن الطبيعة مدينة سحرية مذهلة»؛ والصواب: «إن الطبيعة مدينة سحرية تحجرت».
- يترجم العبارة: à l’extravagance se substitue une intra-vagance, messagère des profondeurs insoupçonnées de la réalité humaine هكذا: «فبدلا من التبذير وجد ضرب من الاقتصاد هو رسول من أعماق الواقع الإنساني الذي لا يأتيه الشك»! والصواب: «ومحل الغرابة الخارجية تحل غرابة داخلية هي رسولة أعماق الواقع الإنساني المجهولة». ويلاحظ هنا أن المترجم ترجم كلمة extravagance بـ«التبذير»! بينما المراد ما يغرُب في الخارج؛ وترجم كلمةintra-vagance بـ«الاقتصاد»! بينما المراد ما يغرُب في الداخل؛ وترجم الصفة insoupconnées بـ«لا يأتيه الشك»! بينما المراد المجهولة. وهذه كلها أخطاء ثقيلة في حقل الترجمة.
- يترجم العبارة: [la pluralité…] invoque une démultiplication de l’image du monde هكذا: «يلتمس [تعدد أبعاد الوعي] تخفيفا لصورة العالم»؛ والصواب: «يستدعي [تعدد أبعاد الوعي] مضاعفة لصورة العالم»؛ ذلك لأن الفعلdémultiplier يعني هنا كَثَّرَ أو ضاعف وليس «خفف»؛ والقرائن المتوافرة في النص تؤيد ذلك.
- يترجم كلمة infinitésimal بـ«متناه في الصغر»؛ والصواب: «لامتناه في الصغر».
- يترجم عبارة: organisme total de la nature بـ«متعضية الطبيعة الكلية»؛ والصواب: «جسد الطبيعة الكلي»؛ أما «المتعضية»، فلا تحتمل في اللغة العربية سوى معنى المتفرقة، وهذا خلاف المراد. جاء في لسان العرب: «عَضَّى الذبيحة: قطعها أعضاء… وعَضَّى الشيء: وزعه وفرقه… وفي حديث ابن عباس في تفسير جَعَلوا القرآن عِضِين: أَي جَزَّؤُوه أَجْزاءً».
- يترجم عنوان رواية يوهان باول Hespérus ou les quarante-cinq jours de la poste au chien هكذا: «أسبيروس أو الأيام الخمسة والأربعون في مركز الكلب»! والصواب: «هسبيروس أو الأيام الخمسة والأربعون من بريد الكلب». وكل مطلع على الرواية يعلم أن الأمر يتعلق بكلب (شبتسيوس هوفمان) يحمل رسائل إلى الراوي، أي أنه يقوم بدور ساعي البريد.
- يترجم عنوان كتاب بيار-سيمون بالانش Essais de palingénésie socialeبـ«مقالات في التناسخ الاجتماعي»؛ والصواب: «مقالات في التجدد الاجتماعي». والمصطلح palingénésie ذو أصل إغريقي παλιγγενεσία ، وقد نحته فلاسفة الرواق، وهو يقارب إلى حد ما مفهوم «العود الأبدي» عند بعض الفلاسفة المحدثين، لكن لا علاقة له بمفهوم «التناسخ».
- يترجم العبارة: La fameuse Ballade du Vieux Marin, Kubla Khan, Christabel et les poèmes intimistes de Wordsworth, mettent en œuvre les présupposés majeurs du romantisme européen هكذا: «إن أغنية البحار الشيخ كوبلاخان كريستابل الشهيرة، والقصائد الحميمية لووردزويرث، تستخدم الافتراضات الكبرى للرومنطيقية الأوروبية»! ونلاحظ هنا أن المترجم أزال الفواصل بين عناوين ثلاث قصائد للشاعر كولريدج، وجعلها قصيدة واحدة تحت عنوان «أغنية البحار الشيخ كوبلاخان كريستابل»! والحال أنها ثلاث قصائد: البحار العجوز (نحو 1798)، قوبلاي خان (1816)، ثم كريستبل (1816). وما كان ينبغي للمترجم ودارس الآداب أن يرتكب مثل هذا الخطأ.
- يترجم مصطلح: Bildungskraft بـ«قوة تعليمية»! والصواب: «ملكة خلق الصور» أو «القوة المُصوِّرة».
- يترجم العبارة: les Champs Elysées, dont les contours se noient dans le brouillard de l’imagination هكذا: «شارع الشانزيليزيه، الذي تغرق دوائره في ضباب الخيال». ونلاحظ هنا أن عبارة Champs Elysées تحولت عند المترجم إلى «شارع الشانزيليزيه»، وكأن الأمر يتعلق بالموضع المعروف في باريس! .بينما المقصود هو «إليسيون بيديون» Ἠλύσιον πεδίον أو «أرض الخالدين» الأسطورية التي لا يعذر بجهلها دارس آداب. إنها جنات تجري من تحتها الأنهار، وليست شارعا…
- يترجم العبارة: le sommeil, supprimant les censures de l’état de veille, débloque la représentation هكذا: «إن النوم يجمد عملية التمثل بإقصائه ما تمارسه حالة اليقظة من ضروب رقابة»؛ والصواب: «إن النوم يحرر عملية التمثل بإقصائه ما تمارسه حالة اليقظة من رقابة»؛ ذلك لأن الفعل débloquer يعني هنا حرر أو أطلق العنان وليس «جمد».
- يترجم عبارة: imprécations solitaires بـ«الاستمناء الملعون»؛ والصواب: «اللِّعَان المنفردة». وليت شعري أية فتوى لغوية شرعت للمترجم أن يقابل كلمةimprécation بـ«الاستمناء»! لقد أتى بعوراء…
- يترجم العبارة: En Angleterre, les esquisses d’une Naturphilosophie que l’on peut relever chez Coleridge ne semblent pas avoir eu de postérité ; le génie de la race est peu enclin à la spéculation métaphysique هكذا: «أما في إنغلترا، فإن المخططات التحضيرية لتأسيس فلسفة للطبيعة تلك التي نلحظها عند كولريدج، فلا يبدو أنها قد أنجبت خلفا يتابعها، إذ مال مفهوم عبقرية العنصر شيئا ما إلى التأمل الميتافيزيقي»؛ والصواب: «أما في إنجلترا، فإن تباشير فلسفة الطبيعة، التي يمكن أن نلحظها عند كولريدج، لا يبدو أنها استؤنفت بعد رحيله؛ ذلك لأن جنس الإنجليز بطبعه قليل الميل إلى النظر الميتافيزيقي». ويظهر بوضوح هنا أيضا أن المترجم لم يفقه معاني ما قرأ وترجم؛ ذلك لأن عبارةgénie de la race تعني الطبع القومي أو العرقي، فكيف تستساغ ترجمتها بـ«مفهوم عبقرية العنصر»؟ كما أن المؤلف يقول إن جنس الإنجليز بطبعه قليل الميلpeu enclin إلى النظر الميتافيزيقي، بينما يقوِّله المترجم عكس ذلك!
- يترجم العبارة: Le Surréalisme fut une réaction de compensation contre les déficiences de la réalité هكذا: «لقد كانت السريالية رد فعل تعديلي في مواجهة نواقص الواقع»؛ والصواب: «لقد كانت السريالية رد فعل تعويضيا في مواجهة نقائص الواقع». ونلاحظ هنا أن المترجم ترجم كلمة compensation بـ«تعديلي» بدلا من تعويضي. أما «نواقص»، فهي جمع ناقص، والأصح نقائص، جمع نقيصة.
مترجم أم لفيف من المترجمين؟
ثم إن المترجم سلك في عمله منهجا في غاية التشوش والاضطراب. فعلاوة على إهماله ترجمة بعض الجمل والعبارات من دون مسوغ ولا توضيح، لم يكن متماسكا في ترجمته لعدد من المصطلحات المهمة في الكتاب، إذ نجد ترجمتها تختلف من فصل إلى آخر. ومن شأن هذا التضارب في ترجمة المصطلحات أن يربك فئة عريضة من القراء، حتى أن بعضهم قد يتساءل: هل وراء هذه الترجمة مترجم واحد أم فريق ترجمة؟ وهذه بعض الأمثلة:
- يترجم مصطلحcœnesthésie تارة بـ«اجتماع الحواس» (الفصل الثاني من الجزء الأول) وتارة بـ«التصاحب الحسي» (الفصل السادس منه). وقد أعطى المترجم، في تعليقين على الهامش، تعريفين مختلفين (ومردودين) لفظا ومعنى للمصطلح نفسه! ولا ندري ما الباعث على كل هذا التكلف؛ ذلك لأن مصطلحcœnesthésie يعني في اشتقاقه الإغريقي «حس مشترك»؛ وهذا الاشتقاق هو المرجع. وعلى هذا النحو ترجمه أفاضل النقلة والفلاسفة العرب في العصر الوسيط. وقد ورد عند أرسطوطاليس، ولا سيما في كتاب النفس، بهذا اللفظ κοινὴ αἲσθησις (كويني أيستسيس). إن دلالة المصطلح هي التي تغيرت، ولا يلزمنا تغير هذه الدلالة بتغيير اسم المصطلح نفسه.
- يترجم مصطلح alchimie تارة بـ«كيمياء» (الفصل السادس من الجزء الأول)، وتارة بـ«ألخيمياء» (الفصل الثالث من الجزء الثاني)!
- يترجم مصطلحdandysme تارة بـ«التأنق» (الفصل الثالث من الجزء الأول)؛ وتارة بـ«التكيس» (الفصل السابع منه)؛ مع العلم أن للمصطلح أهمية كبيرة في تاريخ الغرب الحديث الاجتماعي والثقافي.
- يترجم مصطلحlimbes تارة بـ«البرزخ» (الفصل الخامس من الجزء الأول)، وتارة بـ«مقام أرواح البررة» (الفصل السابع منه).
عَلِّقْ ولا حرج… ينعى إلينا إدغار موران وهو حي!
ومن مظاهر التشوش والاضطراب اللذين وسما منهج المترجم، نذكر طائفة من تعاليقه على النص التي تدعو إلى الاستغراب والأسف؛ وهي هذه:
- يعلق في أحد الهوامش على ذكر اسم لايبنتسLeibniz ، قائلا: «لايبنتز…فيلسوف ورياضي ومحام ألماني»؛ والصواب: «لايبنتس…فيلسوف ورياضي وفقيه قانوني». والظاهر أن المترجم يقابل كلمةjuriste التي تذكرها المراجع العامة، حين يتعلق الأمر بسيرة لايبنتس، بـ«محام»؛ وهذا غير صحيح كما هو معلوم.
- يعلق في أحد الهوامش على ذكر اسمMendelssohn ، قائلا: «فيليكس منديلسون: مؤلف موسيقي ألماني…»؛ والحال أن الأمر يتعلق بموسى مندلسون الجد، أو الفيلسوف، وليس بفليكس مندلسون الحفيد، أو الموسيقار. والقرائن الواردة في النص تشير كلها إلى الجد لا إلى الحفيد.
- يعلق في أحد الهوامش على ذكر اسمLouis-Claude de Saint-Martin ، قائلا: «لويس كلود دي سانت-مارتان…فيلسوف ومتصوف ألماني»؛ والصواب: «فيلسوف ومتصوف فرنسي».
- يترجم إحدى العبارات على النحو الآتي: «إن مهندس الملاحات هاردنبرغ (Hardenberg) قد عوض بعد وفاته المبكرة بشخص آخر لا ذكر له، أما نوفاليس مؤلف تراتيل لليل فقد ظل بلا عوض»؛ ويعلق في الهامش على ورود اسم هاردنبرغ، قائلا: «كارل أوغيست فون هاردنبرغ: ديبلوماسي ألماني ولد سنة 1750 وتوفي سنة 1850، شغل مناصب وزارية عليا وهو ابن عم الشاعر الرومنطيقي الألماني نوفاليس»؛ والحال أن «مهندس الملاحات هاردنبرغ» الذي يذكره غوسدورف يعني به نوفاليس نفسه! فهو يقارن بين وجهي هاردنبرغ: وجه مهندس المناجم ووجه الشاعر الملقب بنوفاليس. واسمه الحقيقي الكامل هو جورج فيليب فريدريش فرايهر فون هاندنبرغ Georg Philipp Friedrich Freiherr von Hardenberg. وعلى ذلك، ما كان ينبغي للمترجم أن يعرف بابن عم الشاعر الذي لم يذكره المؤلف، ولا شأن له أصلا بالموضوع.
- يعلق على ذكر اسمDecampe (كذا! والصحيحDecamps كما أورده المؤلف)، قائلا: «جان باتيست ديكامب: رسام فرنسي ومؤرخ للفن، ولد سنة 1714 وتوفي سنة 1791»؛ والحال أن الأمر لا يتعلق بجان-باتيست ديكان Jean-Baptiste Descamps، بل بـألكسندر-غبريال ديكان Alexandre-Gabriel Decamps (1803-1860). ولا علاقة لهذا بذاك!
- يعلق على ذكر اسم «توماس بورتون»Thomas Burton ، قائلا: «توماس بورتون: رجل سياسة إنغليزي توفي حوالي 1661»؛ وهذا كلام صحيح بالفعل، لكن الأمر يتعلق بروبرت بيرتنRobert Burton (1577-1640)، مؤلف كتاب «تشريح المالنخوليا»، الذي لا علاقة له برجل السياسة تومس بيرتن. لقد غلط غوسدورف نفسه في اسم العالم الإنجليزي، بسبب الكلل أو غيره، لكن كان على مترجمه العربي أن يتحقق.
- يعلق على ذكر اسم إدغار مورانEdgar Morin ، قائلا: «إدغار موران: فيلسوف وعالم اجتماع فرنسي معاصر، ولد سنة 1921، وتوفي سنة 2001»! أجل، ينعى إلينا الرجل وهو حي يرزق، ويمشي في الأسواق…وهذا هو العبث بعينه!
وفي الختام، نتمنى أن يستدرك المترجم أخطاءه الفادحة في طبعة ثانية، وأن يقوم المراجع بالعمل المطلوب منه، أي بوصفه مراجعا لا مُسوِّق بضاعة. أما الطبعة الحالية، فلا تشرف حقل الترجمة العربية على الإطلاق، بل تكرس الرداءة والجهل المبين، وتمثل وصمة عار في تاريخ الجائزة التي تحمل اسم شخصية عربية محترمة، وتُنْسِئُ في أجل «الكورونا» الثقافية التي تفتك بالإنسان العربي منذ زمن.
(*) مترجم وباحث من المغرب.
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Hello amazing people! Acknowledge your progress and accomplishments. You have come so far.
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Hey there! Stop for a moment to observe and value the beauty that surrounds you. Life is abundant with splendor.
Hey everyone! Take a moment to be grateful for the small things in life. Those small things are often the most significant blessings.
Hi friends! Welcome the path of self-discovery and self-growth. Each step brings you closer to revealing your true potential.
Hey there! Embrace your uniqueness and cherish the traits that make you special.
Hey there! Fill your heart with thankfulness. Appreciation reveals the door to abundance.
Hey there! Accept the journey of life with open arms. Each experience teaches valuable lessons.
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Excellent article. I’m going through some of these issues as well..
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Hi friends! Have faith in the process of growth and change. Each challenge is an opportunity for personal growth.
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